Ramadasa Vishvasa

The Kayastha Who Called Himself a Shudra

A learned government secretary insists on carrying a young brahmana's baggage across Bengal, over the brahmana's own repeated protests.

The road from Varanasi through Bengal to Jagannatha Puri, during Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami's youth, before his first meeting with Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

Leaving Varanasi #

Raghunatha Bhattacharya - later known as Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami - had just finished his education in Varanasi when he gave up all his other duties and set out to see Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu again. Chaitanya-charitamrita describes the departure almost bluntly: he simply left, taking only a servant to carry his baggage, and took the road through Bengal toward Jagannatha Puri.

A Traveler Going the Same Way #

Somewhere along that road, Raghunatha crossed paths with another traveler making the identical journey for an identical reason. Chaitanya-charitamrita introduces him carefully: Ramadasa Vishvasa, a man of the kayastha caste, one of the king's own secretaries in the government accounting department - what the text calls vishvasa-khanara kayastha, and Srila Prabhupada's purport explains as the standard title for a clerk or secretary serving kings and governors of that era. Despite his worldly post, he was, Chaitanya-charitamrita says, "very learned in all the revealed scriptures" and a teacher of Kavya-prakasha, the classical Sanskrit text on poetics - and known besides as a great devotee and worshiper of Lord Ramachandra. Like Raghunatha, he had renounced his household to see Lord Jagannatha, and he chanted Rama's holy name, the text says, twenty-four hours a day as he walked.

An Uncomfortable Offer of Service #

On learning that his fellow traveler was a brahmana, Ramadasa did something that visibly unsettled Raghunatha: he took Raghunatha's baggage onto his own head and began carrying it, and went further still, massaging his legs at rest stops along the way. Raghunatha, a young man clearly aware of how much learning and social standing Ramadasa actually possessed, tried repeatedly to stop him. "You are a respectable gentleman, a learned scholar and a great devotee," he said. "Please do not try to serve me. Just come with me in a happy mood."

"I Am a Shudra, a Fallen Soul" #

Ramadasa's reply, preserved almost word for word in Chaitanya-charitamrita, gives the clearest window into how he understood his own place in the world: "I am a shudra, a fallen soul! To serve a brahmana is my duty and my own religious principle. Do not be hesitant. I am your servant, and when I serve you my heart becomes jubilant." Whatever his actual caste standing as a kayastha implied about his social rank, he insisted on framing the relationship in terms of dharma rather than status - service to a brahmana as something closer to worship than obligation. Raghunatha, for his part, kept objecting, and Chaitanya-charitamrita notes that he felt real hesitation (sankucita mana) at accepting service from a man so clearly his equal or better in learning. Ramadasa carried the baggage anyway, all the way to Jagannatha Puri, chanting Rama's holy name the entire distance. Chaitanya-charitamrita records that the two men filled the miles between them with conversation on scripture as they walked - a natural exchange between a young Sanskrit scholar freshly finished with his studies at Varanasi and an older one who taught Kavya-prakasha for a living, even if neither yet knew how differently Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu would receive each of them at journey's end.

Arriving at Nilachala #

Traveling together in this way, the two men reached Jagannatha Puri, where Raghunatha went at once to Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's feet and was received, Chaitanya-charitamrita says, "in great delight." What happened when Raghunatha then introduced his unusual traveling companion to Mahaprabhu himself - and why the reception the two men received turned out to be strikingly different - is told in No Special Mercy at Nilachala.

Scriptural sources for this pastime

pathe tāre mililā viśvāsa-rāmadāsa
viśvāsa-khānāra kāyastha teṅho rājāra viśvāsa

Word for word

pathe tāre mililā — he met him on the path; viśvāsa-rāmadāsa — Ramadasa Vishvasa; viśvāsa-khānāra kāyastha — belonging to the kayastha class of the governmental accounting department; teṅho rājāra viśvāsa — he was a secretary to the king.

In Bengal he met Ramadasa Vishvasa, who belonged to the kayastha caste. He was one of the king's secretaries.

From the purport: Purport excerpt: "Kayasthas were usually secretaries to kings, governors or other important persons."

Antya 13.91 Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita

Establishes Ramadasa's caste and government post, and that Vishvasa is his professional title rather than a family name.

sarva-śāstre pravīṇa, kāvya-prakāśa-adhyāpaka
parama-vaiṣṇava, raghunātha-upāsaka

Word for word

sarva-śāstre pravīṇa — very learned in all revealed scriptures; kāvya-prakāśa-adhyāpaka — a teacher of Kavya-prakasha; parama-vaiṣṇava — a highly advanced devotee; raghunātha-upāsaka — a worshiper of Lord Ramachandra.

Ramadasa Vishvasa was very learned in all the revealed scriptures. He was a teacher of the famous book Kavya-prakasha and was known as an advanced devotee and worshiper of Raghunatha [Lord Ramachandra].

From the purport: Purport excerpt: "Anyone who desires to merge into the existence of the Lord cannot be a pure Vaishnava... [but] because Ramadasa Vishvasa was a great devotee of Lord Ramacandra, he was almost a Vaishnava" (Bhaktivinoda Thakura, quoted by Srila Prabhupada).

Antya 13.92 Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita

Sets up the exact tension the later verses resolve: outward Vaishnava standing versus an inward impersonalist leaning invisible to everyone but Mahaprabhu.

rāmadāsa kahe, — "āmi śūdra adhama!
'brāhmaṇera sevā', — ei mora nija-dharma

Word for word

rāmadāsa kahe — Ramadasa said; āmi śūdra adhama — I am a fallen shudra; brāhmaṇera sevā — service to a brahmana; ei mora nija-dharma — this is my own religious duty.

Ramadasa replied, "I am a shudra, a fallen soul. To serve a brahmana is my duty and religious principle.

Antya 13.97 Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita

The exchange used as this acharya's pull-quote, showing how Ramadasa understood his own service to Raghunatha Bhatta.