Hemalata Thakurani

Hemalata Thakurani was the eldest daughter of Srila Shrinivasa Acharya. She became one of the very few women in Gaudiya Vaishnava history to serve as a diksha-guru, and she gave initiation to both men and women. At least once she acted in that role in public. She is credited with driving a teacher out of the Vaishnava community after he strayed from the right path. Only a little was written down about her life, even less than what survives for her father, or for Jahnava Mata, the other great woman guru she is most often compared with. But what does remain is clear enough to be trusted.

At a Glance

• Daughter of Shrinivasa Acharya, one of the three preachers who carried the scriptures of the Six Goswamis from Vrindavana to Bengal.
• Served as a diksha-guru on the strength of Mahaprabhu's order, amara ajnaya guru hana; the sources do not record who gave her her own diksha.
• Gave diksha to her most famous disciple, the poet Yadunandana Dasa, who wrote Karnananda partly on her instruction.
• Publicly broke the neck-beads of the wayward teacher Rupa Kaviraja, cutting him off from the Vaishnava community.

A Daughter of Srinivasa Acharya #

Hemalata was born into the family Shrinivasa Acharya built after his own guru and his mother persuaded him to marry. He himself had wished to stay single. According to the account on Shrinivasa Acharya's own page, her mother was Ishvari, also called Draupadi. Ishvari was the daughter of a Jajigram brahmana named Gopala Chakravarti. Hemalata's half-brother, Gati Govinda, was a son of Shrinivasa's second wife, Gauranga-priya. A separate account of Bengal's Vaishnava holy places names Gauranga-priya, who is called Padmavati there, as Hemalata's own mother instead. That would make Gati Govinda her full brother, not a half-brother. The version given on Shrinivasa Acharya's own page is followed here, since it draws on more sources. Her full early life is told on A Daughter of Srinivasa Acharya.

Guru by the Order of Mahaprabhu #

No source disagrees about what Hemalata became. And here, unusually, the evidence comes first-hand. Her own disciple Yadunandana Dasa calls her his guru in his own words: "One day my spiritual master, Sri Hemalata, revealed the glories of Ramachandra to me," and again, "I shall describe another episode which I heard from my guru, Sri Isvari Hemalata" (Karnananda, chapter 3). The same book names her disciples one by one: Suvala Chandra Thakura and his nephew Gokula Chakravarti; Radhavallabha Thakura of Mandala village; Vallabhadasa of the Goswami family; Yadunandana Vaidya Dasa of Malihati; Kanurama Chakravarti with his two servants Darpanayana and Candi; Ramacarana, Madhu Miswas and Radha Kanta Vaidya; and Jagadisa Kaviraja along with his follower (Karnananda, chapter 2). Haridasa Dasa's Gaudiya-vaishnava-abhidhana gives the same list. Of the four great Gaudiya Vaishnavis, hers is the best-recorded guruship of them all. The reason is very simple. A disciple wrote about his own initiating guru, in the first person, while the memory was still fresh.

Her own initiation is the part no source records. Karnananda notes that "many persons became disciples of Srinivasa Acarya and his wives," and Shrinivasa's second wife Gauranga-priya is clearly named as his disciple. But Hemalata is not listed among them, and no other guru is named for her anywhere. The sources are silent in the same way about Sita Thakurani and Jahnava Devi. This gap is left open here, not filled in by guessing.

The tradition compares her directly to Jahnava Devi, Nityananda Prabhu's widow. A generation before Hemalata's own time, Jahnava Devi had become the accepted head of the whole movement. This was not separate from Mahaprabhu's own teaching. It came directly from it. He told His own followers, yare dekha, tare kaha 'krishna'-upadesha, amara ajnaya guru hana tara' ei desha: "Instruct everyone you meet to follow the orders of Lord Krishna... In this way become a spiritual master and try to liberate everyone in this land" (Chaitanya-charitamrita, Madhya-lila 7.128). Srila Prabhupada applied this same order directly to women too: if a woman understands Krishna consciousness perfectly, she can become guru, with no further qualification needed. Hemalata's own guruship rests on exactly this order, not on any authority claimed apart from it.

Her best-known disciple was the poet Yadunandana Dasa, a Vaidya by caste from a village on the western bank of the Bhagirathi river. He wrote a life of her father called Karnananda, partly on her own instruction. He also put several other Gaudiya devotional works into Bengali verse. Her work as a guru, and the miracle stories the tradition tells about her, are told in full on Guru by the Order of Mahaprabhu.

The Expulsion of Rupa Kaviraja #

Hemalata's best-recorded act was correcting a teacher who had gone astray. Rupa Kaviraja, originally from the Surma valley in what is now Assam, was her own initiated disciple (Gaudiya-vaishnava-abhidhana, p. 1422). He gathered a following in the Vaishnava community near Radha-kunda. At the same time, he taught things that broke sharply from accepted Gaudiya teaching. One of these was the claim that a householder could never be guru. That claim would have denied her own father's position too. Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura later wrote, in The Harmonist (Vol. 18, No. 18, 1922):

"Srinivasa Acarya's famous daughter, Srimati Hemalata Thakurani, rejected an envious disciple named Sri Rupa Kaviraja from the Vaisnava society."

Other sources describe the act itself. She tore the kanthi-mala, the strand of neck-beads that marks initiation, from around his neck. After that, he was no longer allowed to eat with other Vaishnavas. Her own disciple Yadunandana recorded this event, and others like it, in Karnananda. The full story, including a second and separate clash between Rupa Kaviraja and another Vaishnavi of the same period, is told on The Expulsion of Rupa Kaviraja.

A Living Memory in Bengal #

No year survives for Hemalata's birth or disappearance. She is remembered today in two places. One is Dhira Samira Kunja in Vrindavana, beside a samadhi said to be her father's. The other is a house of hers still standing in Vishnupura, Bengal. This double memory suits a woman who spent her life moving between Bengal and Vrindavana. The sources are silent about her final years, but the line of her descendants and disciples left its own lasting mark. Shrinivasa Acharya's own history records that her family settled in the villages of Maliati and Budhaipada in Murshidabad district. In the words used in that history, "her own preaching work left a lasting mark on Gaudiya Vaishnavism in that part of Bengal." Chaitanya Mahaprabhu taught that the only qualification for a guru is knowledge of Krishna and surrender to Him, nothing more:

"Whether one is a brahmana, a sannyasi, or a shudra, whoever knows the science of Krishna is a guru." (Chaitanya-charitamrita, Madhya-lila 8.128)

Hemalata's own life is one more example of that teaching being accepted exactly as it was given, not treated as an empty formality.