Srila Shrinivasa Acharya

Marriage, Family, and Disciples

A reluctant marriage, a daughter who became a preacher in her own right, and a disciple, Ramachandra Kaviraja, who in time also became his teacher.

Jajigram and Vishnupura, Bengal, mid-to-late 16th century

With Vira Hambira converted and the recovered manuscripts safely delivered, Shrinivasa's mission had, by any reasonable measure, already succeeded. What followed over the rest of his life was less dramatic but arguably just as important for Gaudiya Vaishnavism's long-term survival in Bengal: a settled base of preaching, a family that itself became a channel of teaching, and a circle of disciples who carried his work forward after him.

DetailDescription
Base of operationsJajigram, Bengal, with continued ties to Vishnupura
First wifeIshvari (also called Draupadi), daughter of Gopala Chakravarti of Jajigram
Second wifeGauranga-priya (also called Padmavati)
Best-known discipleRamachandra Kaviraja, son of Chiranjiva Sena of Shrikhanda
Notable descendantHemlata Thakurani, his daughter, a preacher and guru in her own right

Persuaded to Marry #

Shrinivasa had shown little interest in household life, but three people whose word he could not easily set aside pushed him toward it: his own teacher Narahari Sarakara, his mother, and, according to one tradition, Advaita Acharya himself, who is said to have instructed him to marry in a dream. Narahari in particular pointed out that Shrinivasa's mother, who had given devoted service for years, deserved to see her son settled before she died. Shrinivasa accepted the reasoning, though not without some reluctance, and married Ishvari, the daughter of a Jajigram brahmana named Gopala Chakravarti. Her father and two brothers, Shyama Dasa and Ramachandra, all became his disciples in turn. Some years later, after the couple's sons died young, Shrinivasa's most intimate disciples asked him to marry again; he took a second wife, Gauranga-priya, daughter of Raghava Chakravarti, whose own parents are said to have received the same instruction to give their daughter to Shrinivasa in a dream of their own.

A Family of Teachers #

Ishvari bore Shrinivasa three daughters — Hemlata, Krishna-priya, and Kanchana (also called Yamuna) — along with the sons who did not survive childhood; Gauranga-priya bore a son, Gati Govinda, through whom Shrinivasa's family line is said to continue in Vrindavana to this day. Of the daughters, Hemlata Thakurani became by far the most significant figure in her own right. Though not formally counted among Shrinivasa's initiated disciples, being his own blood relation, she became a highly educated preacher who initiated both men and women into Gaudiya Vaishnavism, a role tradition compares to that of Jahnava Devi. One of her own disciples, Yadunandana Thakura, became a respected scholar and poet who rendered Gaudiya devotional literature into accessible Bengali verse, in part at her direct request.

Ramachandra Kaviraja: Disciple and, in Time, Teacher #

Among Shrinivasa's initiated disciples, one stands out clearly in both the devotional literature and in Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita itself: Ramachandra Kaviraja, son of Chiranjiva Sena of Shrikhanda. Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita names him directly, in its listing of Nityananda Prabhu's spiritual family, as "a disciple of Srinivasa Acarya and the most intimate friend of Narottama dasa Thakura," adding that he "greatly assisted in the preaching work of Srinivasa Acarya and Narottama dasa Thakura." Jiva Goswami himself gave Ramachandra the title Kaviraja after hearing his poetry during a visit to Vrindavana. What some accounts add, and what makes the relationship unusual, is that Ramachandra later came to serve Shrinivasa in the opposite direction as well — acting, according to some Bengali-tradition sources, as a siksha guru of sorts to the very acharya who had initiated him, a reminder that in Gaudiya Vaishnavism instruction is not assumed to run only downward from senior to junior. Ramachandra's younger brother, Govinda Kaviraja, also became Shrinivasa's disciple and, like his brother, received the title Kaviraja from Jiva Goswami for his own poetic gifts; the two brothers are remembered together as being "of the same soul" in their devotion.

Preaching Across Bengal #

With Vira Hambira's support, and later that of the king's successors, Shrinivasa's preaching reached well beyond Jajigram and Vishnupura, extending into the districts of Birbhum, Bankura, and Burdwan, and as far east as Tripura. He taught his disciples the Goswamis' writings directly, held daily readings and instruction, and by tradition maintained a schedule of scriptural study in the morning, solitary chanting through midday, and congregational kirtana each evening — a discipline that later biographers point to as the model for how a preacher combines personal sadhana with public teaching. His continued closeness to Narottama Dasa Thakura through these years, and the two men's shared organizing role in Gaudiya Vaishnavism's most important early gathering, is told in Preaching in Bengal and the Kheturi Festival.

Scriptural sources for this pastime

কংসারি সেন, রামসেন, রামচন্দ্ৰ কবিরাজ ।
গোবিন্দ, শ্রীরঙ্গ, মুকুন্দ, তিন কবিরাজ ॥

kaṁsāri sena, rāmasena, rāmacandra kavirāja
govinda, śrīraṅga, mukunda, tina kavirāja

Word for word

kaṁsāri sena—Kamsari Sena; rāmasena—Ramasena; rāmacandra kavirāja—Ramachandra Kaviraja; govinda—Govinda; śrīraṅga—Sriranga; mukunda—Mukunda; tina kavirāja—all three are Kavirajas, or physicians.

The fifty-eighth great devotee of Lord Nityananda Prabhu was Kamsari Sena, the fifty-ninth was Ramasena, the sixtieth was Ramachandra Kaviraja, and the sixty-first, sixty-second and sixty-third were Govinda, Sriranga and Mukunda, who were all physicians.

From the purport: Purport excerpt: "Sri Ramacandra Kaviraja... was a disciple of Srinivasa Acarya and the most intimate friend of Narottama dasa Thakura... [he] greatly assisted in the preaching work of Srinivasa Acarya and Narottama dasa Thakura."

Adi 11.51 Sri Chaitanya-charitamrita

This purport is the clearest primary-source confirmation that Ramachandra Kaviraja (and his brother Govinda Kaviraja) were formally counted among Shrinivasa Acharya's own disciples.

dayā kara śrī-ācārya prabhu śrīnivāsa
rāmacandra-saṅga māge narottama-dāsa

Word for word

dayā kara—please be merciful; śrī-ācārya prabhu śrīnivāsa—O master Srinivasa Acharya; rāmacandra-saṅga—the association of Ramachandra; māge—begs; narottama-dāsa—Narottama Dasa.

O Srinivasa Acharya, successor to the Six Gosvamis! Please be merciful to me. Narottama Dasa always desires the company of Ramachandra Kaviraja.

Sri Krsna Caitanya Prabhu Doya Karo More, closing verse Prarthana (song)

Narottama Dasa Thakura's own prayer names Shrinivasa Acharya directly as the Six Goswamis' successor and pairs him, in the very next line, with Ramachandra Kaviraja - textual evidence of how closely the two friends' preaching missions and disciples were bound together.

"Paramananda Bhattacharya, an ocean of love, Jiva Goswami and the other residents of Vraja, listened to Ramachandra recite his own poetic compositions and they joyfully awarded him the title of kaviraja. Ramachandra Kaviraj was full of all virtues and Narottama Thakur's second self."

Bhakti-ratnakara 1.267-9 Sangita-madhava-nataka (quoted in Bhakti-ratnakara)

Quoted via a secondary translation (Gaudiya History) of the Sangita-madhava-nataka as preserved within Bhakti-ratnakara, cited explicitly as such. This is the traditional source for how Shrinivasa's disciple Ramachandra received the title Kaviraja from Jiva Goswami.

hau sasvad-bhagavat-parayana-parau-samsara-parayanau
samyak satvata-tantra-vada-paramau nihsesa-siddhantagau
sasvad-bhakti-rasa pradana-rasikau pusanda-hrn-mandalav
anyonya-priyatabharena yugali-bhutav imau tau numah

I pay my obeisances to Narottama and Ramachandra, who are devoted to all those who have dedicated their lives to the Supreme Lord, who help people cross over the ocean of material life, who know all the scriptures completely and have understood all the transcendental doctrines, who most generously distributed bhakti-rasa and won the hearts of the atheists, who are deeply attached to each other's affectionate company.

Bhakti-ratnakara 1.277 Sangita-madhava-nataka (quoted in Bhakti-ratnakara)

Quoted via a secondary translation (Gaudiya History) of a verse from the Sangita-madhava-nataka, preserved within Bhakti-ratnakara, cited explicitly as such. It shows how closely Shrinivasa's own disciple Ramachandra Kaviraja and his friend Narottama Dasa Thakura were regarded as a devotional pair.