When Nimai returned to Nabadwip from Gaya, having received initiation from Ishvara Puri, the town that had known Him as its most brilliant young logician scarcely recognised Him. The composed, argumentative pandit had become a man who wept at the sound of Krishna's name, who fell to the ground in the marketplace overwhelmed with emotion, and who could no longer complete an ordinary conversation without breaking into the maha-mantra. Many of His students and fellow scholars assumed grief or even madness; only a small circle — chief among them Nityananda Prabhu, who arrived in Nabadwip around this time, Advaita Acharya, an elder Vaishnava who had for years been praying for the Lord to appear, and the devoted brahmana Srivasa Pandit — recognised what was actually taking place.
It was in the courtyard of Srivasa Pandit's house, still known today as Srivasa Angan, that the sankirtana movement was born. Each night the doors were shut, and Nimai, Nityananda, Advaita Acharya, Gadadhara Pandit, Srivasa Pandit and a small but growing circle of devotees would sing and dance before the Deity until dawn, exploring together the ecstatic moods of devotion that Nimai's presence seemed to unlock in everyone around Him. What began as private, even secretive, worship could not stay hidden for long: the sound of mridanga and karatalas, and the sight of grown men weeping and dancing through the night, drew first curiosity and then hostility from the more conservative brahmana community of Nabadwip, who saw in it a dangerous departure from orthodox ritual religion.
The turning point came when Nimai made a decision that changed the character of the movement forever: instead of continuing to confine sankirtana to Srivasa's courtyard, He commanded that it be taken out into the open streets of Nabadwip, for everyone — regardless of caste, learning or social standing — to see and join. He organised the assembled devotees into kirtana parties, and Nabadwip witnessed for the first time the sight of a full-scale nagara-sankirtana, a procession of congregational chanting moving through the town's streets and squares, with Nimai Himself dancing at its centre.
This public turn provoked the town's Muslim administrator, the Kazi (locally called Chand Kazi), who — under pressure from resentful orthodox brahmanas who complained that the noise of drums and the mixing of castes at these gatherings threatened public order — sent men to break up one of the kirtana parties and smashed a mridanga drum in the process, forbidding any further sankirtana in Nabadwip on pain of punishment. Rather than retreat, Nimai responded by organising the single largest sankirtana procession Nabadwip had ever seen: by some accounts fourteen separate kirtana groups, thousands of torches lighting the night, converging on the Kazi's own residence.
Confronted not with anger but with the Kazi's evident fear, Nimai instead engaged him in a calm, respectful theological conversation — reportedly even addressing him as a relative, since the Kazi's family and Nimai's shared an ancestral connection from earlier generations — reasoning with him from the Kazi's own religious texts about the universality of glorifying God through His names. The Kazi, moved by the sincerity of the conversation and, tradition says, by a direct spiritual experience during the exchange, wept, embraced Nimai, and publicly withdrew his prohibition, permitting sankirtana to continue in Nabadwip without restriction for as long as the town should exist — an assurance local memory holds was honoured by the Kazi's own descendants for generations afterward.
The Kazi's surrender removed the last major obstacle to the movement's growth. From that point, sankirtana in Nabadwip was no longer a secret practice of a small circle of devotees meeting behind closed doors, but an open, public, congregational institution — precisely the form in which Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu intended the chanting of the holy names to spread, first through Bengal and Odisha in His own lifetime, and afterward, through the Six Goswamis and the unbroken line of acharyas who followed Him, to the rest of the world.